CILRAP » Case Matrix Network » CMN Knowledge Hub » Elements Digest » Arts. 25 and 28 Modes of liability » Perpetration through another
Perpetration through another
- M.1. A crime was committed by a person or persons other than the perpetrator
- M.2. The perpetrator dominated over subordinates through an organized structure of power and was in the position to replace a subordinate who did not comply with his or her will.
- M.3. The accused used such direct perpetrator as an instrument or tool to commit the relevant crime.
- M.4. The perpetrator intended that the crime would be committed.
- M.5. The perpetrator was aware of the existence of a unitary chain of command and his or her controlling predominance over the direct perpetrator.
- M.6. The perpetrator intended to use such person or persons as instruments or tools to commit the relevant crime.
